Published in Volume XXXV, Issue 1, 2025, pages 87-122, doi:10.47743/SACS.2025.1.87
Author:S. Das, A. Kumari, J. Barman
Abstract
An entirely novel virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome began to spread around the world at the end of 2019. Since there are no curative treatments to treat the viral infection, efforts are being made globally to stop the coronavirus from spreading. The coronavirus strain is also known as 2019-nCoV and officially identified as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Several distinctive characteristics of graphs have been used to differentiate the construction of entropy-based measurements from the structure of chemical graphs. Graph entropies have emerged as the information-theoretic quantities for quantifying the fundamental information of chemical graphs. The prospective applicability of the graph entropy measure in discrete mathematics, biology and chemistry has drawn attention from the scientific community. In this work, we study the structural properties of one of the known antiviral drugs, Molnupiravir, and introduce the concept of entropy measure for this drug. We evaluate the degree-based and neighborhood degree sum-based entropy by considering the values of topological indices of the chemical compound. Furthermore, we present the graphical representations of these entropy measures. A comparative analysis of degree-based and neighborhood degree sum-based topological indices, along with their associated entropy measures, is presented for Molnupiravir through graphical illustrations using numerical data.
References
[1] Norah Almalki and Hafsah Tabassum. On K-Banhatti, Revan Indices and Entropy Measures of MgO (111) Nanosheets via Linear Regression. Mathematics, 12(4):561, 2024. doi:10.3390/math12040561.
[2] Zengqiang Chen, Matthias Dehmer, and Yongtang Shi. A note on distance-based graph entropies. Entropy, 16(10):5416–5427, 2014. doi:10.3390/e16105416.
[3] Yu-Ming Chu, K Julietraja, P Venugopal, Muhammad Kamran Siddiqui, and Savari Prabhu. Degree-and irregularity-based molecular descriptors for benzenoid systems. The European Physical Journal Plus, 136(1):1–17, 2021. doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-01033-z.
[4] Shibsankar Das, Virendra Kumar, and Jayjit Barman. Geometric-quadratic and quadratic-geometric indices-based entropy measures of silicon carbide networks. Silicon, 17:75–91, 2024. doi:10.1007/s12633-024-03173-8.
[5] Shibsankar Das and Arti Kumari. Degree-based coindices of molnupi- ravir and its QSPR analysis with other COVID-19 drugs. International Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics, 11(3):1–23, article number 109, 2025. doi:10.1007/s40819-025-01917-7.
[6] Shibsankar Das and Modhuleena Mandal. Deriving M-polynomial based topological descriptors of oral antiviral clinical drug Nirma- trelvir. Scientific Annals of Computer Science, 34(2):113–138, 2024.doi:10.47743/SACS.2024.2.113.
[7] Shibsankar Das, Shikha Rai, and Virendra Kumar. On topological in- dices of Molnupiravir and its QSPR modelling with some other antiviral drugs to treat COVID-19 patients. Journal of Mathematical Chemistry, 62(10):2581–2624, 2024. doi:10.1007/s10910-023-01518-z.
[8] Shibsankar Das, Shikha Rai, and Modhuleena Mandal. M-polynomial and correlated topological indices of antiviral drug Molnupiravir used as a therapy for COVID-19. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 43(8):7027–7041, 2023. doi:10.1080/10406638.2022.2131854.
[9] Matthias Dehmer. Information processing in complex networks: Graph entropy and information functionals. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 201(1-2):82–94, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.amc.2007.12.010.
[10] Matthias Dehmer, Lavanya Sivakumar, and Kurt Varmuza. Uniquely discriminating molecular structures using novel eigenvalue-based de- scriptors. MATCH-COMMUNICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL AND IN COMPUTER CHEMISTRY, 67:147–172, 2012.
[11] Mohd Imran, Mandeep Kumar Arora, Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq, Shah Alam Khan, Saleh I Alaqel, Mohammed Kanan Alshammari, Mohammed M Alshehri, Ahmed Subeh Alshrari, Alreshidi Mateq Ali, Ahmed Muteb Al-Shammeri, et al. Discovery, development, and patent trends on molnupiravir: A prospective oral treatment for COVID-19. Molecules, 26(19):5795, 2021. doi:10.3390/molecules26195795.
[12] Angelica Jayk Bernal, Monica M Gomes da Silva, Dany B Musungaie, Evgeniy Kovalchuk, Antonio Gonzalez, Virginia Delos Reyes, Alejandro Martın-Quiros, Yoseph Caraco, Angela Williams-Diaz, Michelle L Brown, et al. Molnupiravir for oral treatment of Covid-19 in nonhospitalized patients. New England Journal of Medicine, 386(6):509–520, 2022. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2116044.
[13] K Julietraja, S Arul Amirtha Raja, and Ammar Alsinai. Neighbourhood Sum-Based Structural Analysis for Sodalite System. Current Organic Synthesis, 22(4):548–555, 2025. doi:10.2174/0115701794320235240926054912.
[14] Konsalraj Julietraja, Padmanabhan Venugopal, Savari Prabhu, Arumugam Krishnan Arulmozhi, and Muhammad Kamran Siddiqui. Structural analysis of three types of PAHs using entropy measures. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 42(7):4101–4131, 2022. doi:10.1080/10406638.2021.1884101.
[15] Florian Kabinger, Carina Stiller, Jana Schmitzova, Christian Dienemann, Goran Kokic, Hauke S Hillen, Claudia Hobartner, and Patrick Cramer. Mechanism of molnupiravir-induced SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis. Nature structural & molecular biology, 28(9):740–746, 2021. doi:10.1038/s41594-021-00651-0.
[16] Virendra Kumar and Shibsankar Das. On Nirmala indices-based entropy measures of silicon carbide network. Iranian Journal of Mathematical Chemistry, 14(4):271–288, 2023. doi:10.22052/ijmc.2023.252742.1704.
[17] Virendra Kumar, Shibsankar Das, and Jayjit Barman. Neighborhood degree sum-based entropy measures of some silicon carbide networks. Journal of Chemical Sciences, Article in press, 2025.
[18] Cheng-Peng Li, Muhammad Kamran Siddiqui, Parvez Ali, Sana Javed, Mazhar Hussain, and Sadia Khalid. On analysis of entropy measures for titanium dioxide via rational curve fitting methods. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 122(23):e26996, 2022. doi:10.1002/qua.26996.
[19] Shazia Manzoor, Muhammad Kamran Siddiqui, and Sarfraz Ahmad. On entropy measures of polycyclic hydroxychloroquine used for novel coronavirus (COVID-19) treatment. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 42(6):2947–2969, 2022. doi:10.1080/10406638.2020.1852289.
[20] Nicolas Rashevsky. Life, information theory, and topology. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 17:229–235, 1955. doi:10.1007/BF02477860.
[21] C. E. Shannon. A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3):379–423, 1948. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x.
Bibtex
@article{sacscuza:Das2025dbndsbemm,
title={Degree-Based and Neighborhood Degree Sum-Based Entropy Measures of Molnupiravir},
author={S. Das, A. Kumari, J. Barman},
journal={Scientific Annals of Computer Science},
volume={35},
number={1},
organization={Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Ia\c si, Rom\^ania},
year={2025},
pages={87-122},
publisher={Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Press, Ia\c si},
doi={10.47743/SACS.2025.1.87}
}

